Introduction

Accretion discs are components of objects as diverse as protoplanetary systems, active galactic nuclei, cataclysmic variables or X-ray binaries. Often, a high fraction of the luminosity of these systems is generated by the accetion disc itself. To understand these objects and interpret the observational data of increasingly high quality a realistic physical model of the accretion disc is necessary, the physical processes in the disc should be considered as accurate as possible. Our contribution to this field is the determination of accretion disc parameters like the mass accretion rate, radial extension, inclination, chemical composition, radius and mass of the central object, by means of spectroscopic analyses. This requires high quality spectra from ground and space based observatories covering the spectrum from X-rays to the infrared as well as sophisticated computer simulations of the interaction between the radiation field with the hot plasma in the accretion disc.

Spectroscopic analyses require the comparison of accretion disc spectra with synthetic ones. Accretion disc spectra are obtained at ground (e.g., Very Large Telescope VLT, ESO) or space based observatories (e.g., Hubble Space Telescope HST, NASA). Synthetic spectra are obtained from the solution of the radiation transport equations, describing the propagation of light through the vertical layers of a accretion disc. On one hand, this solution necessitates the knowledge of the physical conditions like temperature, density, mass accretion rate, viscosity and occupation numbers of the atomic levels of the plasma in order to determine its opacity and emissivity. On the other hand the radiation field interacts with the plasma and changes its physical conditions. While in stars similar to our sun, the occupation numbers of the atomic energy levels can be determined with sufficient precision from the assumption of a local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) this is not the case for accretion discs with an effective temperature range up to several 10000K. The level population in the non-LTE case is obtained by balancing all populating and de-populating processes from each atomic level assuming stationarity (statistical equilibrium). The complete problem is a non-linear system of integro-differential equations. Its solution requires a very efficient numerical iteration scheme, comparable to the case of stellar atmospheres.

AcDc is a software package for the modelling of vertical structures and NLTE spectra of accretion discs, developed by Thorsten Nagel. It is related to the Tübingen NLTE-Model Atmosphere Package TMAP. In the case of a geometrically thin alpha-disc, where the disc thickness is smaller than the disc diameter, the radial and vertical structure equations can be decoupled. Under the assumption of axial symmetry and by dividing the disc into concentric rings the determination of the vertical structure becomes a one-dimensional problem. The equations of radiative and hydrostatic equilibrium as well as the rate equations for the population numbers of the atomic levels are solved consistently with the radiation transfer equation under the constraint of particle number and charge conservation. Irradiation of the accretion disc by the central object can also be considered. The disc spectrum is calculated for different inclination angles, and the spectral lines are Doppler broadened according to the radial component of the Kepler rotation.

• Kim Gehron (diploma student)
• Ruth Kowalski (diploma student)
• Stephan Hartmann (Phd student)
• Dr. Dmitri Semionov (postdoc, extern)
• Dr. Daniela Korcakova (postdoc, extern)
• Dr. Thorsten Nagel (scientific assistant)

AMCVn Stars

AMCVn stars are close, interacting binary systems with very short orbital periods of 5-65 minutes. Their spectra are dominated by helium lines. The accretor is a white dwarf (WD), whereas the nature of the Roche lobe filling low-mass donor is still discussed. It might be a helium WD, a helium star, or the helium-rich core of an evolved secondary. As the disk represents the chemical composition of the donor's atmosphere, the analysis of the disk will help to understand the donor star and the formation of these systems.
We find emission-line spectra for low and absorption-line spectra for high mass-accretion rates. Irradiation of the disk by the primary has almost no influence onto the spectrum. Comparing an observed spectrum of CE315 with our models we find the qualitatively best match for a 0.8 solar masses primary and a mass-accretion rate of 10^-11 solar masses per year. The disk shows a strong silicon underabundance confirming the hypothesis that it is a Population II object (Nagel et al., 2009).

Dwarf Novae Outbursts

Dwarf nova outbursts result from enhanced mass transport through the accretion disk of a cataclysmic variable. We assess the question of whether these outbursts are caused by an enhanced mass transfer from the late-type dwarf onto the WD (mass transfer instability model) or by a thermal instability in the disk (disk instability model, DIM). Our spectral model
sequences allow us to distinguish inside-out and outside-in moving heating waves in the disk of SS Cygni, which can be related to symmetric and asymmetric outburst light curves, respectively (Kromer et al., 2007). Our results favor the DIM.

Gaseous Metal Disks around DAZ White Dwarfs

Recently, signatures of a gas disk were discovered in spectra of two DAZ white dwarfs. We concentrate on one of these, namely SDSS 1228+1040. The spectra display double-peaked emission lines of Calcium. Hydrogen and Helium emissions are not discovered. It is concluded that the Ca lines stem from a metal-rich Keplerian disk around a single WD.
They can be modeled with a geometrically thin, viscous gas disk ring at a distance of 1.2 solar radii from the WD, with effective temperatures of 6000K and a low surface mass density of 0.3 g/cm³. If one assumes that the disk reaches down to the WD and has a uniform surface density, then its total mass would be 7x10²¹g. A rocky asteroid with this mass would have a diameter of about 160km (Werner et al., 2009).

Supernova Fallback Disks

The non-detection of a point source in SN1987A imposes an upper limit for the optical luminosity. This limits the size of a possible fallback disk around the stellar remnant.
Assuming a steady-state thin disk with blackbody emission requires a disk smaller than 100000km if the accretion rate is at 30% of the Eddington rate. With we have modeled the disk spectrum more realistically. The chemical composition is assumed to be pure Fe or that of a Si-burning ash. It turns out that the observational limit on the disk extension becomes even tighter, namely 70000km (Werner et al., 2007).

Ultracompact X-ray Binaries

Low-mass X-ray binaries consist of a neutron star or black hole accretor. Of particular interest are ultracompact systems with orbital periods below 80min, because the donor is
probably the core of a stripped WD. This opens up the unique possibility to study the WD interior via an abundance analysis of the disk, which dominates the UV/optical luminosity.
Our models confirm the deficiency of H and He in the disks of two analysed objects. The lack of neon lines suggests that the donor stars are eroded cores of C/O WDs with no excessive Ne overabundance. This contradicts earlier claims of Ne enrichment concluded from X-ray observations of circumbinary material, which was explained by crystallization and fractionation of the WD core.

Waccabi

Waccabi is a code for the modelling of an accretion disc wind, using a mixture of Monte Carlo and ray tracing methods. It is currently developed by Dmitri Semionov.

Wompat

Wompat is a Monte Carlo based code for the modelling of an accretion disc wind, developed by Daniel J. Kusterer.

• Nagel, T. and Werner, K. and Dreizler, S. 2001, AcDc - A new Code to Calculate the Vertical Structure of Accretion Disks in Astronomische Gesellschaft Meeting Abstracts, 47
• Nagel, T., Dreizler, S., Werner, K. 2002, AcDc – A new code to calculate vertical structures and spectra of accretion disks, ASP Conf. Ser. 261: The Physics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects, 509
• Nagel, T. and Dreizler, S. and Werner, K. 2002, AcDc - A new code to calculate the vertical structure of accretion disks, ASP Conf. Ser. 288: Stellar Atmosphere Modeling, 641
• Nagel, T. 2003, Synthetische Spektren und Vertikalschichtungen von Akkretionsscheiben, Dissertation
• Nagel, T., Dreizler, S. and Werner, K. 2003, Vertical Structures and Spectra of Accretion Disks in Symbiotic Stars, ASP Conf. Ser. 303: Symbiotic Stars probing Stellar Evolution, 482
• Nagel, T., Dreizler, S., Werner, K. 2003, Calculating spectra of accretion disks in AM CVn systems, White Dwarfs, proceedings of the conference held at the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy, 357
• Werner, K., Deetjen, J.L., Dreizler, S., Nagel, T. and Rauch, T. 2003, Stellar Atmosphere and Accretion Disk Models for the Hot Component in Symbiotic Stars, ASP Conf. Ser. 303, Symbiotic Stars probing Stellar Evolution, 302
• Nagel, T., Dreizler, S., Rauch, T. and Werner, K. 2004, AcDc - A new code for the NLTE spectral analysis of accretion discs: application to the helium CV AMCVn, A&A, 428, 109
• Nagel, T., Rauch, T., Dreizler, S. and Werner, K. 2004, Modeling He-rich Disks in AM CVn Binaries, IAU Colloquium 194, RevMexAA Conf.Series, 20, 228
• Werner, K., Nagel, T., Dreizler, S. and Rauch, T. 2004, Modeling of Oxygen-Neon Dominated Accretion Disks in Ultracompact X-ray Binaries: 4U 1626-67, IAU Colloquium 194, RevMexAA Conf.Series, 20, 146
• Hammer, N. J., Kusterer, D.-J., Nagel, T., Rauch, T., Werner, K. and Dreizler, S. 2005, Modelling C/O/Ne dominated accretion discs in ultra-compact X-ray binaries, ASP Conf. Ser. 330: The Astrophysics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects, 333
• Kellermann, T., Nagel, T., Hammer, N. J. and Werner, K. 2005, Accretion Disc Models in Quiescence and Outburst, ASP Conf. Ser. 330: The Astrophysics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects, 391
• Nagel, T., Hammer, N. J., Rauch, T., Werner, K. and Dreizler, S. 2005, NLTE Spectral Analysis of Accretion Discs in Ultracompact X-ray Binaries, ASP Conf. Ser. 330: The Astrophysics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects, 73
• Werner, K., Hammer, N.J., Nagel, T., Rauch, T., Dreizler, S. 2005, On Possible Oxygen/Neon White Dwarfs: H1504+65 and the White Dwarf Donors in Ultracompact X-ray Binaries, in 14th European Workshop on White Dwarfs, eds. D. Köster, S. Möhler, ASP Conference Series, 334, 165
• Werner, K., Nagel, T., Rauch, T., Hammer, N. J. and Dreizler, S. 2006, VLT spectroscopy and non-LTE modeling of the C/O-dominated accretion disks in two ultracompact X-ray binaries, A&A, 450, 725
• Kromer, M., Nagel, T., and Werner, K. 2007, Synthetic NLTE accretion disc spectra for the dwarf nova SS Cygni during an outburst cycle, A&A, 475, 301
• Werner, K., Nagel, T. and Rauch, T. 2007, Non-LTE modeling of supernovafallback disks, Ap&SS, 308, 141
• Werner, K., Nagel, T., Rauch, T., and Suleimanov, V. 2007, Non-LTE models for neutron star atmospheres and SN fallback disks, Adv. Space Res., 40, 1512
• Werner, K., Nagel, T., Rauch, T. 2007, Limits on iron-dominated fallback disk in SN 1987A, in Supernova 1987A: 20 years after, eds. S. Immler, K. Weiler, R. McCray, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 937, 81
• Kusterer, D.-J., Nagel, T., Werner, K. 2008, Accretion Disk Wind in AM CVn Binaries - a Monte Carlo Approach, in Hydrogen-Deficient Stars, eds. K. Werner, T. Rauch, ASP Conference Series, 391, 285
• Nagel, T., Kusterer, D.-J., Rauch, T., Werner, K. 2008, Metal abundances in accretion discs of AM CVn binaries, in Hydrogen-Deficient Stars, eds. K. Werner, T. Rauch, ASP Conference Series, 391, 281
• Nagel, T., Rauch, T., Werner, K. 2009, A new grid of NLTE accretion-disc models for AM CVn systems: application to CE 315, A&A, 49, 773
• Werner, K., Nagel, T., & Rauch, T. 2009, Spectral modeling of gaseous metal disks around DAZ white dwarfs, 16th European Workshop on White Dwarfs, eds. E. Garcia-Berro, M. Hernanz, J. Isern, S. Torres, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 172, 012054
• Nagel, T., Hartmann, S., Rauch, T., & Werner, K. 2009, Spectral Modeling of Accretion Disks around Compact Stars, Recent Directions in Astrophysical Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Hydrodynamics, eds. I. Hubeny, J.M. Stone, K. Mac-Gregor, & K. Werner, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1171, 341
• Korcakova, D., Votruba, V., Kubat, J., Werner, K., Skoda, P., & Nagel, T. 2009, Radiative Transfer in Axial Symmetry, Recent Directions in Astrophysical Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Hydrodynamics, eds. I. Hubeny, J.M. Stone, K. MacGregor, & K. Werner, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1171, 359
• Krausz, D., Nagel, T., Rauch, T., & Werner, K. 2010, Spectral Analysis of AM CVn Systems, 17th European White Dwarf Workshop, eds. K. Werner & T. Rauch, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1273, 305
• Korcakova, D., Nagel, T., Werner, K., Suleimanov, V., & Votruba, V. 2010, Radiative Transfer Through Discs of Cataclysmic Variables, 17th European White Dwarf Workshop, eds. K. Werner & T. Rauch, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1273, 350
• Semionov, D., Nagel, T., Suleimanov, V., & Werner, K. 2010, WACCABI-A 2D Radiative Transfer Code for Stellar Winds in Cataclysmic Binaries, 17th European White Dwarf Workshop, eds. K. Werner & T. Rauch, AIP Conference Proceedings,1273, 354
• Hartmann, S., Nagel, T., Rauch, T., & Werner, K. 2010, Asymmetric Line Proles in Spectra of Gaseous Metal Disks Around Single White Dwarfs, 17th European White Dwarf Workshop, eds. K. Werner & T. Rauch, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1273, 476
• Hartmann, S., Nagel, T., Rauch, T., & Werner, K. 2011, Asymmetric Line Proles in Spectra of Gaseous Metal Disks Around Single White Dwarfs, Planetary Systems Beyond The Main Sequenceeds. S. Schuh, H. Drechsel, & U. Heber, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1331, 222