Uni-Tübingen

Sub-Project B04: Sand and Dust Storms as Threats to Social Order in Industrial Societies: The Soviet Union/Russia, China and Australia since the 1940s

Abstract

As a severe type of wind erosion, sand and dust storms are natural processes that occur in many dry regions around the world, especially during and after severe droughts. These storms put a halt to daily life; they cause accidents, and present a serious health risk. They carry away fertile soil and can destroy harvests, which may unleash fatal famines in turn. They fuel the fear that modern civilization will be forced to retreat and surrender affected regions in order to avoid being buried under sand and dust. In a dramatic way, sand and dust storms stir deeper concerns about the vulnerability of industrial societies to environmental hazards.

The three individual studies in Project B04 focus on periods in time in which devastating sand and dust storms in the Soviet Union/Russia, China, and Australia received special public attention, triggered communicative processes, and led to the adoption of preventive measures to tackle the situation. The studies analyse societies’ differing coping strategies, asking specifically for their dependence on cultural traditions, political structures, and ecological realities. At the same time, they look at how the global circulation of knowledge, ideas, and experts, as well as forms of global cooperation, occurred even at the height of the Cold War.

Project Team

Project Leaders:

Prof. Dr. Ewald Frie
Prof. Dr. Klaus Gestwa

Post-docs and Ph.D. Students:

Dr. Susanne Stein
Sabine Sauter

Student Assistants:

Study 1: Philipp Schwartz, Florian Sander

Study 2: Ruben Wrede, Lukas Betz

Study 3: Jannis Seifried

Academic Disciplines and Orientation

Contemporary History

Sub-Project B04 within the CRC

Sub-Project B04 is part of Project Area B as it examines how devastating sand and dust storms attracted media and political attention to ecological and climate problems as well as societal issues. It discusses how the warnings of scientific experts stimulated public discussion of threat and generated prevention programs.

The three studies bring together contemporary history and current affairs. They look at whether a structural change in modernity can be identified in the way in which the societies in question dealt with nature and whether individual severe sand and dust storms led to accelerated processes of social change.

As a whole, Project B04 is linked to the widely debated topic of climate change and it analyses current threat discourses and scenarios from a historical perspective.

S1 Soviet Union/Russia (Klaus Gestwa)

1946-48: The post-war famine and the "Great Stalinist Plan to Transform Nature"

1961-64: Khrushchev's Virgin Land Campaign

1970s: The drought in years of economic stagnation

1980s: The shrinking Aral Sea and environmental protests under Perestroika

Post-2000: Discussions about climate change and development projects in post-Communist Russia

S2 People's Republic of China (Susanne Stein)

Post-1949: Conquest and transformation of the desert – the opening up of new lands in Northwest China

1978: The afforestation project "Great Green Wall" – the perception of dust and sand storms as a growing threat to the country’s modernization

1993: “The Black Storm” in Gansu − dust and sand storms as an object of scientific and political discussion

Post-2000: Dust storms as an “alarm for the entire nation” (Zhu Rongji) − readjustments in ‘Threat Communication’ and in management practices (media formats, transnational expert programs)

S3 Australia (Sabine Sauter)

1930-1950: Dust storms in the drought years cause great damage to the agricultural economy and are a severe setback for the rural soldier settlement program; reflections on technical solutions as well as the possibilities and limitations of settlement and growth

1980-2009: Sand and dust storms strike the big cities on the eastern coast (e.g. Melbourne in 1983 and Sydney in 2002 and 2009); fundamental questioning of the European way of life and economy on the Australian continent; ecological debates, including current debates on climate change

Guest Scholars, Cooperating Partners and Institutions

Project-related Lectures and Publications

Frie, Ewald

Gestwa, Klaus

Publications

Lectures

Sauter, Sabine

Stein, Susanne

Congresses, Workshops, and Conferences

Project-related Courses

Sauter, Sabine

Stein, Susanne