Institute of Prehistory, Early History and Medieval Archaeology

Movila lui Deciov

Research in summer 2022

During the excavation campaign from 25.07. to 09.09.2022, the work in trench A/B was completed. It covers an area of about 47.5 square metres and reaches a depth of 3m in places. The observations in the field now allow a detailed reconstruction of the occupation history at this site. Clearly visible in the final planum are several overlapping foundation ditches with posts of the first Early Neolithic construction phase. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the oldest houses were built in the 59th to 58th centuries BCE. At least two subphases can be determined on the basis of the course of the ditches with posts and their cross-connections. Obviously, these were multi-room buildings in post construction. Finds of burnt clay show that the rising masonry was constructed as wattle and daub with clay throws. The floor levels of these houses could only be recorded selectively during the excavations. However, they can be seen in sections in the main profiles of the excavation trench. The distance between the house floors and the foundation trenches proves that the houses had very deep foundations. They are free-standing buildings with isolated smaller pits in the areas between the house units. The very partial insight into the settlement so far hardly allows any conclusions about the shape of the houses. They could have been long houses divided into individual rooms by transverse walls. Only an extension of the excavation area into those areas not disturbed by the large pit complex will provide reliable information.

The earliest settlers brought with them a material culture typical of the southern Balkan region. These include red-slipped ceramic vessels with a linear dark painting in the Starčevo style as well as characteristic bone and stone implements from this region. In a second Early Neolithic settlement phase, a large pit complex was constructed in the southwest of our excavation trench. Radiocarbon dates place this event in the 57th century BCE. The pit fill consists of laminated layers of ash and charcoal alternating with clay and sediment layers. Apparently, fire residues from a nearby oven or open hearth were repeatedly disposed of here. These layers of finds are very richly enriched with organic waste, which represent a unique archive for the diet and economy of the Early Neolithic settlement. All the sediment was sieved with a 1 cm mesh and a representative selection of the sediment was floated. The floating remains are currently being examined in various laboratories in south-western Germany (University of Tübingen; Laboratory for wetland and underwater archaeology in Hemmenhofen).

The site was used as a burial ground at the transition from the Late Neolithic to the Early Copper Age. During the excavation work in 2018, corresponding hocker graves and relocated individual finds were documented, which have since been scientifically processed. Once again, the flat settlement mound visible as a landmark served as a burial site for an early medieval equestrian burial. This burial has also been scientifically evaluated in the meantime. Further disturbance of the prehistoric settlement layers was caused by the burrow of a badger. The upper settlement layers were affected by modern agriculture.

The archaeological structures were documented with the help of three-dimensional visualisation techniques, and all finds were recorded tachymetrically either with individual measurements or within stratigraphically defined units. The evaluation of the finds by an international team of researchers began at the Museum of the Banat Bulgarians in Dudeştii Vechi. In addition to the archaeological evaluations, this also includes zoological and botanical examinations of the settlement waste as well as archaeometric analyses of the ceramic vessels and scientific examinations of the vessel contents and settlement sediments.

Accompanying the excavation work in 2022, the surroundings of Movila lui Deciov were geomagnetically prospected. The ditch around the Early Neolithic settlement site, which had already been detected in earlier measurements, is now even more prominent. In the immediate vicinity of the settlement ditch there are further signals indicating settlement activity. Particularly striking in the area to the south-east of the Early Neolithic settlement site are several linear structures that are possibly of later date. The southwestern survey area, on the other hand, is largely free of survey signals, which, however, makes at least two ground plans of longhouses in this area very prominent. According to their form, they could be prehistoric settlement remains. The surface finds from this agriculturally used area do not indicate a specific period, so that only further excavations here can provide information about the dating.