Prof. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Chair for Chinese History and Society, Department of Chinese Studies, Tübingen University, and Prof. Zhang Baichun 张柏春, Center for Comparative Studies, Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, have been generously granted an amount of ca. 200.000 € by the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion (SGCRP, Chinesisch-Deutsches Zentrum für Wissenschaftsförderung, 中德科学中心), Beijing . This grant is destined for the establishment of a Sino-German Mobility Programme dealing with the "Transfer of Technical and Scientific Knowledge between Europe and China during the Early Modern Period" (近代早期中欧技术科学知识的转移). Originally it was granted for the period 2020-2022, but due to the Covid crisis extended for two additional years until the end of 2024.
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Detailed Version of the Project Application

In the final month of the Sino-German Mobility Programme, I had the honour of receiving the funding to travel to China again to collect further research materials for my doctoral dissertation, which focuses on the introduction of European thermometers to China during the Qing dynasty. One of the most rewarding outcomes of this visit was obtaining copies of letters written by a French Jesuit from the Shanghai Library, which I had been unable to access during my 2023 research trip. In addition, the trip enabled me to access newly published secondary literature that is not yet available abroad. Of particular value was the Fudan Global History Series: East-West Encounters 复旦全球史书系：东西之间丛书, edited by Prof. Dr. Dong Shaoxin 董少新. A monograph written by Pablo Robert Moreno on Luo Wenzao 罗文藻 (1617–1691) in this series proved especially relevant to my work.
This trip also gave me the opportunity to reconnect with friends and colleagues I had met during my previous visit. In discussions with scholars from the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, I learned about their current research directions and an ongoing book series on the history of industrial development in China. It was also both a pleasure and an honour to read a recent article written by Dr. Zheng Cheng 郑诚, which was developed from his academic visit to Germany. I moreover reunited with colleagues from the 2023 International Joint Digital Humanities Workshop, co-organised by Peking University, Harvard University and Princeton University. We exchanged updates on our research progress and explored future possibilities for collaboration.
My trip concluded with a short stay in Tianjin, where I visited the Tianjin Museum and learned more about the city’s rich history as a crucial port. Quite unexpectedly, I also came across a small but fascinating exhibition held in the gallery space of a commercial eyeglass store. It featured hundreds of antique eyeglasses and drew my attention to the diversity of styles and manufacturing techniques, some of which are said to date back as far as the Ming dynasty.
All in all, I am deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun 张柏春, whose support made this second trip possible, and to Dr. Li Mingyang 李明阳, whose generous help was essential to the successful completion of my visit.

It was an honour to participate a second time in the Sino-German Mobility Programme and to spend several weeks in the People’s Republic of China collecting further materials for my research on the “Essentials of Firearms” (Huogong qieyao 火攻挈要), a work on gunpowder weapons compiled by Jiao Xu 焦勗 and Johann Adam Schall von Bell and published in 1643.
During my stay in China, I was able to consult newly available literature on the subject. Notably, an early manuscript copy of the “Essentials of Firearms” has been published as part of an extensive facsimile edition of manuscripts housed in the Hubei Provincial Library in Wuhan. Furthermore, I gathered materials and conducted interviews for a related project on history textbooks. Interestingly, Schall von Bell is mentioned in a current senior high school history textbook as an example of the “development of Chinese culture through [international] exchange”—a point emphasised in the textbook through an extended quotation from the Shunzhi Emperor’s praise of Schall von Bell.
Besides, I had the opportunity to visit Tianjin, a major port city in northern China that has played a significant role in Sino-European relations, particularly during the late Qing dynasty and the early 20th century. As a key node for the transmission of Western scientific knowledge into China—often facilitated by European missionaries—the city’s libraries and museums provided valuable new perspectives for my research. Meetings with scholars from the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences rounded off this inspiring research trip. I am grateful for the opportunity to participate—once again—in the Sino-German Mobility Programme, and for the support that made this period of fieldwork possible.

From October 17 to November 1, 2024, I conducted fieldwork in Shanxi’s Wutai Mountain region to investigate historical silver mining sites. This research was based on an archival document indicating the discovery of a silver mine in the late Ming and early Qing periods, linked to the application of knowledge from the Kunyu gezhi.
I would like to express my gratitude to the Mobility Program for its support in funding this fieldwork.

Between October and December 2024, I conducted two research trips to China during my sabbatical, funded by the Sino-German Mobility Programme of the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP). These experiences proved invaluable in advancing my research and facilitating important academic exchanges.
From October 12 to 20, I had the opportunity to carry out fieldwork in Xi’an, Meixian, and Lantian, areas located along the Qinling Mountains. This region, which plays a central role in my upcoming book manuscript, is significant not only for its natural resources but also for its rich history of human interaction with hot springs. During my fieldwork, I gathered crucial archival materials and research data. In addition, I was honoured to be invited to two academic workshops at Shaanxi Normal University to present my latest findings on the historical usage of hot springs in the Qinling Mountain range. 
Following my time in Shaanxi, I travelled to Beijing and Shanghai from November 30 to December 8. In Beijing, I visited the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, where I delivered a lecture titled “Sulfur Manufacturing at Hot Springs in Early Modern Chinese Borderlands: Local Practices and Global Networks”. The feedback and suggestions I received from Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, Prof. Dr. Tian Miao, Prof. Dr. Zheng Cheng and Dr. Li Mingyang were constructive and will be exceptionally helpful as I continue refining my research. Additionally, I was able to engage in academic exchanges with other colleagues, including Prof. Dr. Shen Yubin at Tsinghua University, Prof. Dr. Zhou Qiong at Minzu University of China, and Prof. Dr. Gao Hui at Fudan University. These discussions further enriched my current research project and allowed me to strengthen my professional connections within China’s academic community. I am deeply grateful for the openness and generosity that I encountered at these institutions.
I would like to take this opportunity to extend my sincere gratitude to several individuals who made this trip possible. First and foremost, I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, Dr. Li Mingyang, Ms. Han Qijin and the entire Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion for their support and for providing me with the opportunity to participate in this enriching programme. Reflecting on the significance of this experience, I believe that it highlights the immense value of scholarly exchange between Chinese and Western researchers, particularly in the field of East-West interaction in early modern and modern periods. Given the limited availability of platforms that facilitate such exchanges, this programme has proven to be an invaluable resource. I am hopeful that similar opportunities will continue to be available in the future, as these exchanges not only contribute to advancing individual research but also promote greater cross-cultural understanding and collaboration in the academic world.

In the late summer of 2024, I had the privilege of spending several weeks in the People’s Republic of China to advance my research on Alfonso Vagnone’s Kongji gezhi 空際格致 (Investigation of Phenomena in the Atmosphere; ca. 1633), which serves as the central focus of my doctoral thesis. Published around 1633, this Chinese adaptation of Aristotle’s natural philosophy deeply resonated with the burgeoning interest in the natural world among Chinese scholars during the late Ming period. During my time at the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS) in Beijing, my research concentrated on the reception of Renaissance science and philosophy in late Ming China, and their impact on the intellectual discourse surrounding the natural world in Chinese writings of the time. 
At the conclusion of my research stay, I had the opportunity to present my findings in a lecture titled “Three Layers of Air: Aristotle’s Cosmos in Alfonso Vagnone’s Kongji gezhi 空際格致” which was organized by the IHNS. This experience was invaluable, as it allowed me to engage with experts in the field and share my work with a knowledgeable audience. Among the attendees, Prof. Dr. Tian Miao provided insightful comments on the broader history of Sino-Western intellectual exchanges, enriching my understanding of the historical context. Additionally, I was thrilled to learn that Dr. Pan Shuyuan, one of the audience members, had been involved in the discovery of an annotated handwritten edition of the Kongji gezhi from the late Qing dynasty. 
My research stay was greatly facilitated by the support of Dr. Li Mingyang and the dedicated staff at the IHNS library. I would also like to extend my thanks to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, whose efforts made this academic exchange possible, and to the Sino-German Mobility Programme for funding my stay. The most rewarding and inspiring part of my visit was the lively and fruitful exchanges with my Chinese colleagues. I look forward to future opportunities to continue these conversations and to further explore the intersections of Sino-Western intellectual traditions.

In the late summer of 2024, the Sino-German Mobility Program, sponsored by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP), graciously granted me support to embark on a short but intensive research journey to China. 
Building on my last trip, during which I met with an expert on the legal history of the Qingshui River Basin manuscripts, I followed his recommendation and travelled to Guizhou to collect materials that are very valuable for my current research project on technological aspects of forestry in pre-modern China. Using Guiyang as a base for my stay, I visited nearby villages in search of primary sources and local forestry experts. Throughout my journey, Dr. Li Mingyang was particularly helpful, as he helped me in organising an efficient travel itinerary and facilitating the prompt reimbursement of travel expenses. 
Following that, the generous support of the programme also enabled me to conduct extensive research at the library of Kaili University, where the generous assistance of local researchers helped me to locate very essential materials for my ongoing research. In addition to the sources themselves, the engaging discussions and exchange of ideas with the researchers at Kaili University also proved immensely valuable in advancing my project.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, Dr. Li Mingyang, and the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion for their invaluable support and for granting me the privilege to participate in this program. Given the vital importance of scholarly exchange between Chinese and Western researchers in the realm of the history of science and technology—as well as in other fields—I sincerely appreciate the role of the Sino-German Mobility Programme in fostering such dialogue. I eagerly look forward to future opportunities for similar collaboration.

With the support of the Mobility Program financed by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion, I took advantage of the opportunity to pay a short visit of four days to Beijing in late August 2024. 
The most important element was a meeting with Profs. Zhang Baichun, Tian Miao and other colleagues from CAS-IHNS. During this meeting we not only addressed the newest developments and ideas in our own research, but also discussed possibilities to further and deepen collaboration in the future. This included the plan to draft an application for a fellowship with the most generous support of the IHNS and the finalization of a special issue of the Journal “Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology”. A visit to the library collection and an impressive special exhibition at the Institute completed this fruitful encounter.
The remaining days I could use for a visit to the National Library of China to view some long sought-for sources and to the Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (IHSS) at Peking University. My gratitude goes to the Mobility Program for the generous funding and to my kind hosts at the IHNS in Beijing.

In summer 2024, under the sponsorship of the Mobility Program, I travelled to China to advance my research objectives and engage in academic collaboration. During my stay in Beijing, I conducted research at two major institutions, i.e. National Library of China and the First Historical Archives, where I reviewed rare books, manuscripts, and specialized historical archives, which significantly enriched my understanding of the topics central to my research. Additionally, I assisted colleagues by locating and copying specific materials they required for their projects. 
At the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS), together with Alexander Jost, I had a meeting with Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, Prof. Dr. Tian Miao, Prof. Dr. Liu Jinyan, and other colleagues to discuss the organization and publication of a journal issue based on the 2023 Frankfurt ICHSEA Conference. We also explored potential future collaborations.
I would like to express my gratitude to the Mobility Program for its funding and to IHNS for their warm hospitality during my visit.

In July 2024, I undertook a sixteen-day research visit to Germany, made possible by the generous support of the Sino-German Mobility Programme, sponsored by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP). 
Between 1 and 3 July, I had the privilege of visiting the University of Tübingen, where, on 2 July, I gave a lecture titled “The Transmission of Euclid’s Elements in China”. The global dissemination of Euclid’s Elements during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries represents a significant chapter in the intercultural mobility of knowledge. The mode of translation and its reception in China are of particular importance. This presentation focused on an analysis of the terminology and the so-called “mistakes” found in the translation, as well as Chinese scholars’ attitudes toward the text and the underlying structure of knowledge it conveyed. A wide range of attendees joined the lecture, including Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag, Prof. Dr. Huang Fei, Prof. Dr. Emily Graf, as well as Mrs. Han Qijin, Mr. Jonas Schmid, and many faculty members and students from the University of Tübingen. The event concluded with an engaging and thoughtful exchange of ideas. In addition to the academic discussions, Mrs. Han and Mr. Schmid took time to introduce me to the university’s library collections and provided a valuable overview of its historical background.
Between 6 and 15 July, I advanced my research at two renowned institutions: the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology in Jena and the Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. During my time there, I collaborated with Prof. Dr. Jürgen Renn and Dr. Jochen Büttner on the English translation of Qiqi tushuo 奇器图说 (A Selection of the Best Illustrations and Description of Wonderful Machines in the Far West), a Chinese text from the seventeenth century that documents European mechanical technologies. The work stands as a vital example of early cross-cultural scientific and technological transmission between Europe and China.
I also travelled briefly to Freilassing, where I met with Dr. Alexander Jost and Dr. Cao Jin. Our discussions focused on the forthcoming publication of their research in the Chinese Annals of the History of Science and Technology, and we explored potential areas for future cooperation.
This research trip, made possible by the Sino-German Mobility Programme, allowed me to deepen my investigations, further develop ongoing collaborations with German colleagues, and build new academic relationships. I extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun for coordinating this opportunity and to Mrs. Han Qijin and Mr. Jonas Schmid for their kind and practical assistance throughout my stay. The visit was intellectually rewarding, and the insights gained will undoubtedly enrich the next stages of my research. I am also very grateful to the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion for its support of this programme.

In July 2024, I visited Germany with support from the Sino-German Mobility Programme, funded by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP), to conduct a sixteen-day research trip. 
From 1 to 3 July, I had the honour to visited the University of Tübingen.  On 2 July, I delivered a presentation titled “The Role of Johann Schreck and Johann Adam Schall von Bell in the Transmission of European Knowledge to China”. In the seventeenth century, Jesuit missionaries played an important role in the circulation of knowledge between Europe and China. Among them, two German scholars—Johann Schreck and Adam Schall von Bell—were of particular significance. Schreck systematically introduced European mechanical knowledge and calendar-making systems to China, while Schall von Bell became the first European to head the Imperial Bureau of Astronomy, contributing to the reform of China’s calendar system. Their work established them as pioneers of the early Sino-German scientific collaboration. My presentation mainly focused on their contributions and contextualised their roles within the broader framework of global knowledge transmission in the seventeenth century.  The presentation was attended by Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag, Prof. Dr. Huang Fei, Prof. Dr. Emily Graf, Mrs. Han Qijin, Mr. Jonas Schmid, as well as scholars and students at the University of Tübingen. The audience engaged in thoughtful discussion following the talk. In addition, Mrs. Han and Mr. Schmid introduced me to the university’s library resources and its history. 
From 6 to 15 July, I visited the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthroplogy in Jena and the Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. I worked with Prof. Dr. Jürgen Renn and Dr. Jochen Büttner on the English translation of Qiqi tushuo 奇器图说 (A Selection of the Best Illustrations and Description of Wonderful Machines in the Far West), which is a seventeenth-century Chinese text on European mechanics and machinery. This text is another key example of early modern science and technology exchange between Europe and China. 
I also visited Freilassing, where I met with Dr. Alexander Jost and Dr. Cao Jin to discuss the forthcoming publication of their research results in the Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology and further collaborative plans. 
Thanks to the support of the Sino-German Mobility Programme, I was able to pursue research directly related to my ongoing projects, continue my long-term collaboration with German scholars, and build connections with new colleagues. I am profoundly thankful to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel for organising this opportunity, and to Mrs. Han Qijin and Mr. Jonas Schmid for their assistance. This trip was very fruitful, and my research will benefit a lot from the experience gained during this visit. I would also like to take this chance to express my gratitude to the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion for supporting this programme.

As a participant in the Sino-German Mobility Programme, I had the honour of spending several weeks in Germany to continue my research on the topic of scientific exchange between China and Europe.
Following my publication in 2023 (The Stranger in the Middle: A Conceptual and Cultural-Historical Outline of China’s Spatial Conceptions in the Late Imperial Period, Vienna/Cologne: Böhlau, 2023), I have been working on the topic of the Sinicization of Marxism on the basis of travel notes made by Chinese intellectuals from approximately 1920 to the 1940s. My focus is on journeys undertaken by Chinese intellectuals such as Qu Qiubai, Hu Shi, Guo Moruo and Mao Dun to the Soviet Union. This study adopts a comparative approach by also taking into account the travel records of Western intellectuals who were in the Soviet Union at the same time as those Chinese intellectuals.
My research work, which I carried out in Germany in the summer of 2024, consisted primarily of searching for relevant specialist literature and contacting experts. An important part of my stay was a one-week trip (July 15 to 19, 2024) to Tübingen at the invitation of Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag. On July 16, 2024, I had the opportunity to give a lecture at the China Centre Tübingen (CCT) on the topic “Politicians, Diplomats and Intellectuals from the Late Imperial and Republican Periods on the Move: China’s Search for a Political Modernity”. I presented my new research project and received important suggestions from the participants, which will greatly inform my future work.
I would like to thank the organizers of the Sino-German Mobility Programme, especially Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag and Mrs. Han Qijin in Tübingen, for the opportunity to participate in this exchange. I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun and Dr. Li Mingyang on the Chinese side for their support.

Thanks to the Sino-German Mobility Programme, which is funded by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP), I had the valuable opportunity to travel to China from 17 June to 12 July 2024 to further my research on salt policy during the Early and High Qing periods. The primary aims of this research trip were to collect additional source materials and engage in academic exchanges.
One of the highlights of my trip was the honour of presenting my research at the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Beijing. My presentation, entitled “Analysis of Salt Administration Reforms during the Early and High Qing Period”, was based on my doctoral research. I am deeply grateful to our Chinese colleagues for their insightful discussions and construtive comments. In particular, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, whose insights prompted me to reorient my focus on exploring the salt reforms from a political economy perspective, rather than viewing them only through the lens of jingshi 經世 thought, although the latter will remain an important contextual element in my thesis. Several other scholars also provided valuable opinions, which have enabled me to revise this part of my PhD thesis effectively. 
Another memorable experience was the visit to the institute’s unique collection after my lecture. I was even able to make a copy of the original version of one of my most important Chinese primary sources, Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝經世文編 (Collected Articles on Ordering the World of the August Dynasty; 1827). 
During my stay in Beijing, I moreover visited the First Historical Archives of China and the National Library in order to collect resources that will significantly enrich my study. In addition to these materials that provide essential context, I also obtained access to local documents on the Hedong Salt Lake at the Shanxi Library and the Taiyuan City Public Library. With all the insights and sources gained from this trip, I am now in a stronger position to structure and deepen the content of my dissertation. 
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun for the opportunity to participate in this project and thereby gain a broader academic perspective. I would also like to thank Dr. Li Mingyang who provided significant support during this rewarding academic journey.

After more than four years, during which I had not been able to visit the People's Republic of China because of the difficulties related to the Covid situation for research purposes, it was a wonderful opportunity to take advantage of the just extended Mobility program to realize long-prepared plans. The beginning of my trip was originally planned already for the 21st of December but due to adverse weather conditions and flight cancellations, I had to wait for five days until I could take off. For most of the time I stayed in Beijing and was glad to have the opportunity to discuss future collaboration with Dr. Zheng Cheng 郑诚 and Dr. Huang Xing 黄兴 from the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the first case, this concerned Dr. Zheng's research on German land measuring in Beijing during the early 20th century, where we agreed to collaborate and Dr. Zheng agreed to include one of my Bachelor students interested in his topic into his research and provide him with guidance. In the second case, this was related to Dr. Huang's work on Earth magnetism, which is closely connected to my newest research project on China and the Polar Regions. I was happy that I could convince Dr. Huang to join a symposium I am organizing on this topic in April 2024 in Salzburg (Beyond all Horizons - Geography and Imagination in Historical East Asia). Furthermore, I could use my time in Beijing for visits to the National Library of China and the library of Peking University, where I also had the chance to visit the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences and meet representatives of the International Office to negotiate about the organization of a joint Summer School (also together with Shanghai Fudan University) in August 2024. The last station of my trip was Guangzhou, where I was so fortunate to be received by our friend and long-standing research collaborator Thierry Meynard 梅谦立 at Sun Yat-sen University (see photo) and discuss with him and his students about our state of research concerning the Kunyu gezhi (Investigation of the Earth's Interior, 1640). A very impressive experience was my visit to the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong with the Nanhai No 1 shipwreck in Yangjiang, before I boarded my return flight to Europe directly from Guangzhou. I would like to express my gratitude to the mobility program who made this trip possible and to all friends and cooperation partners who have received and welcomed me warmly in China!

After my somewhat shorter visit to Beijing during a China trip in Summer 2023, which had been made possible by the mobility program as well, I had realized that especially in the Chinese capital there was still a great abundance of sources of highest relevance for my research to be looked at. Therefore I decided to make best use of the lecture-free time over Christmas and New Year 2023/24 and already departed for Beijing on December 18, 2023. I was impressed to visit the new venue of the the First Historical Archives of China 中国第一历史档案馆, where I would after all spend most of my hours reading through heaps of archival materials of importance on the one hand for the context of my research on the Kunyu gezhi 坤舆格致 (Investigation of the Earth's Interior, 1640), on the other hand for the German Language Textbook on Qing Document language I am currently preparing together with Prof. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Sabine Kink (Die Falschmünzerbande vom Alten Rabenhorst in Guizhou (1794) in Texten und Kontexten - Ein Lehrbuch zur chinesischen Dokumentensprache der Qing-Zeit). My presence also facilitated negotiations on the use of materials from the archives for publication. When I had eventually reached the understanding that for the Moment I had sighted whatever was of relevance for my purposes and I was already preparing my return to Europe at the beginning of January, news reached me, which led me to the decision to extend my stay. The Manchu Miscellaneous Archives of Imperial Household (内务府满文杂件档案), which had been inaccessible for decades had suddenly become available for reading. I was glad for the mobility program to allow me this change of plans (excess costs, however were taken over by our own project funds). As my last presentation at the Chinese Academy of Sciences was not long ago, my exchange with our friends and collaborators there was confined to personal contacts and meetings this time, especially with Prof. Zhang Baichun, I had the opportunity to discuss plans for the publication of a collected volume in the aftermath of our panel at the ICHSEA Conference at Frankfurt University in August 2023 and other important aspects related to the extension of the mobility program and the future of cooperation between our institutions. The remaining time in Beijing I used to visit places of interest for the history of science in China like e.g. the Guo Shoujing Memorial Hall (see image). I am thankful to the Institute for the History of Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for - again - receiving me warm heartedly and for making this trip possible for me, I shall be looking forward to another visit in late summer this year.

Following an invitation from Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel at the University of Tübingen, I visited Germany from 1 to 22 December 2023. This visit presented a valuable opportunity for me to explore various libraries and universities and to meet with many scholars from diverse countries and backgrounds.
My journey began in Frankfurt, where I toured the University of Frankfurt. During my stay in Frankfurt, I also had the chance to visit the University of Würzburg, notable for the physicist Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays in 1895. This discovery, quickly introduced to China, became a significant research topic in the history of scientific exchange during the late Qing Dynasty. In addition, my visit to the University of Heidelberg was particularly fruitful, where Dr. Bai Bing graciously introduced me to Chinese sources available in the library. Thereafter, I visited the Staatbibliothek in Berlin and utilized their excellent library collections. There, I consulted not only valuable Chinese books published in 19th century but also individual scientific works by European scholars.
My time in Munich was equally beneficial. A visit to the German Science Museum (Deutsches Museum für Wissenschaftsforschung) provided me with a comprehensive understanding of the development of science and supplied abundant photographic material for my study on the history of science. Moreover, the libraries at the University of Munich and the Department of Sinology impressed me deeply with their rich collections.
On December 19, I had the honor of visiting the Department of Chinese Studies at the University of Tübingen, where I delivered a lecture titled “From Introduction to Communication: The Development of Modern Geology in China (1890s-1930s)”. This occasion offered a valuable chance to discuss my research with excellent scholars and students from the department, including Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag. 
In summary, this visit to Germany was an immensely valuable learning experience to me. I obtained essential primary materials on the history of Sino-Western exchanges and was benefited from the discussions with many colleagues in Germany. This experience of communicating face-to-face with European sinologists will greatly benefit my future research. I would therefore like to extend my sincere gratitude to the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP) for supporting this exchange programme, and to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun for including me in the project.

In October 2023, I was honoured to conduct a 20-day research trip to Germany, sponsored by Sino-German Mobility Programme. As my research interests lie in the history of maritime technology and the conservation of industrial heritage, I chose several cities relevant to these topics as my destinations.
In Munich and Augsburg, I visited several industrial museums, including the German Museum of Masterpieces of Science and Technology (Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik), the BMW Museum, and the Augsburg Textile and Industry Museum (Staatliches Textil- und Industriemuseum Augsburg), where I explored the industrial development of 19th- and 20th-century Germany, especially in Bavaria. Most importantly, I was able to visit the MAN Museum in Augsburg, the historical museum of MAN Energy Solutions SE, one of the most important producers of marine engines. Ms. Jana Weber kindly introduced me to the exhibitions and archives of the museum, which will benefit my study of the development of marine diesel engines in China.
In Bochum, thanks to Dr. Roman Hillmann, I was able to participate in the Industrial Heritage Conservation Symposium 2023, organized by the German Mining Museum (Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum). Scholars from Germany, Hungary and Slovakia introduced their research and practices in the conservation of industrial monuments in the Ruhr region and in Eastern Europe, which broadened my understanding of industrial heritage conservation. I also had the opportunity for a brief discussion with Dr. Chen Hailian. We exchanged opinions on the study of technical education and engineering education in late imperial and modern China.
In Bremen, Bremerhaven and Hamburg, I focused on museums related to maritime history, including the Harbour Museum Speicher XI, the German Maritime Museum (Deutsches Schifffahrtsmuseum), and the International Maritime Museum (Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg). I was also able to board several museum ships, including a WWII submarine “U-Boot Wilhelm Bauer”, a cargo ship “Cap San Diego”, and a Soviet spy submarine “U-434”. This part of the trip allowed me to get a closer look at different types of ships, and to learn more about the maritime history and culture in Germany.
In Berlin, thanks to the guidance of Dr. Martina Siebert and Prof. Dr. Zheng Cheng, I was able to make efficient use of the resources at the Berlin State Library. During my short visit to Tübingen, I was warmly welcomed by Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag, Prof. Dr. Emily Graf, Ms. Han Qijin, Mr. Jonas Schmid and Mr. Patrick Aberle. We engaged in informal yet enriching academic exchanges.
To conclude my report, this research trip was an invaluable experience to me. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun for organizing this programme, and Ms. HAN Qijin for her coordination between German and Chinese scholars. I look forward to further communications and cooperations in the future.

In September 2023, I travelled to Beijing as a participant in the Sino-German Mobility Programme. After years of being unable to visit the PRC due to the pandemic, this trip marked my first return since 2019. It was an incredibly rewarding research stay, as it allowed me to reestablish contact with former friends and colleagues, make new acquaintances, and establish fascinating connections with scholars in the field of the history of science, technology and medicine. Additionally, I collected materials for my current research project on the history of Chinese medicine with a focus on 20th-century China.
On September 22nd, I gave a lecture titled “How the History of Barefoot Doctors defies being Written as a History of Natural Sciences”. The lecture, organized by the Institute of the History of Natural Sciences at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHNS), attracted valuable feedback from fellow researchers. I also had the chance to utilize the Institute’s library, where their librarian Dr. Gao Feng 高峰 introduced me to their rich collection on the history of medicine. In the following days, we had many more opportunities to further exchange and develop ideas. The researchers at the IHNS also helped me establish contact with the Peking University Health Science Library, where I had the privilege to meet with Prof. Dr. Zhang Daqing 张大庆, a professor of medical history and director of the Peking University Health Science Library at the Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC).  I further visited the National Library and collected valuable historical materials on the barefoot doctor program, including recent related research presented in their collections of MA theses and PhD dissertations. 
While gaining significant insights into medical history, I also had the chance to visit the campus at Renmin University of China and reconnect with old friends, colleagues and fellow students. Among many wonderful encounters, meeting with my doctoral father Prof. Dr. Sun Yu 孙郁 as well as my former swimming coach Mr. Lu Feng 陆峰, was particularly special. Before my departure I had the chance to explore the current exhibitions at the Beijing Lu Xun Museum, reconnect with museum researcher Dr. Ge Tao 葛涛, and engage in a meaningful conversation with a middle school student at the museum café, where I learnt of what fascinated him about Lu Xun’s writing.
These personal encounters and exchanges are an invaluable part of scholarly life. I would like to thank the organizers of the Sino-German Mobility Programme, Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun 张柏春, for this opportunity to participate. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Tian Miao 田淼 for hosting me, Dr. Li Mingyang 李明洋and Dr. Wu Miao 吴苗 for their incredible organizational support, and Mrs. Han Qijin 韓奇金 for the great organization of the programme.

In the late summer of 2023, the Sino-German Mobility, sponsored by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP), generously granted me assistance to embark on a short but intense research journey to China. In early September, I had the privilege to be hosted by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun and Dr. Li Mingyang, the institute facilitated an academic exchange where I presented on “Knowledge of Tallow Tree Cultivation in Premodern China: A Temporal and Spatial Analysis,” a topic that aligns closely with my ongoing research. This served as an exceptional platform for engaging discussions and the exchange of ideas with IHNS professors and students. 
In the subsequent days, Dr. Li Mingyang was particularly helpful as he provided a tour of the library premises and introduced me to the relevant holdings of the Institute. Beyond that, the generous support of the Sino-German Mobility Programme enabled me to conduct extensive research at the National Library of China where I located much-needed material for my ongoing research. Lastly, I was able to meet with an expert in the legal history of the Qingshui River Basin manuscripts, who provided me with new insights and valuable information on primary sources, as well as with relevant advice for my research.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, Dr. Li Mingyang, and the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion for their invaluable support and for granting me the privilege to participate in this program. Because of the profound importance of scholarly exchange between Chinese and Western researchers in the realm of the history of science and technology as well as other fields, I sincerely appreciate the contribution of the Sino-German Mobility Programme as it serves as a platform conducive to fostering such dialogue. I eagerly anticipate forthcoming opportunities for similar engagements.

In autumn 2023, I had the privilege of receiving support from the Sino-German Mobility Programme, funded by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP), to conduct a thirty-day research trip to Germany. 
During this trip, I participated in the 16th International Conference on the History of East Asian Science held at the Goethe University in Frankfurt. There, I presented an academic report titled “The Tieye zhi and Iron-Steel Smelting Technology at the Zunhua Iron Works during the Ming Dynasty”. This report introduced the newly discovered Tieye zhi 鉄冶志, a Ming dynasty text that documents the steel smelting techniques, production details, and the sources and quantities of ore and charcoal used at the Zunhua Iron Plant, which was the largest state-owned iron smelting base in northern China in the mid-fifteenth century. Based on these records, a series of smelting parameters were calculated, and my analysis revealed that while the iron and steel technology of this period remained at a world-leading level, it was hindered by long-standing charcoal shortages, which constrained advancement in traditional steel technology. Following my presentation, I engaged in in-depth discussions with Prof. Dr. Iwo Amelung and Prof. Dr. Donald Wagner about ancient iron and steel technology.
After the conference, I visited several museums in Frankfurt, Cologne, Nuremberg, and Munich to further my research in areas such as metal processing, astronomical instruments, clocks, toy design and manufacturing, modern railway transportation, as well as traditional craftsmanship tools and production techniques. I was deeply impressed by the exhibits that were closely related to my ongoing research and provided invaluable insights into how Europe transitioned from a traditional to a modern society since the fifteenth century, earlier than China.
To conclude my report, I sincerely thank the Sino-German Mobility Programme for providing me with this opportunity and thank Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Mrs. Han Qijin for their significant assistance. I look forward to more scholarly exchanges with colleagues in Germany in the future.

Thanks to the Sino-German Mobility Programme, funded by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP), I was honoured to receive an invitation from Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel at the University of Tübingen to undertake a 12-week research trip to Germany. My general expectations for this trip included an in-depth investigation of the pre-1912 Chinese maps in Germany and German maps of China before 1914; the Chinese rare books and manuscripts located in Germany; the firearms in early modern period, particularly the old Chinese guns preserved in Germany; as well as the history of German Sinology and that of the Sino-German relationship.
In the first week, I participated in the 16th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (ICHSEA) at Goethe University Frankfurt, and on 21 August, I presented “Nine-section Bronze Cannon in Eighteenth-Century China” in a panel titled “Knowledge Transfer between Europe and Ming-Qing China – Technology” which was co-organised by Dr. Alexander Jost and Dr. Cao Jin. 
For the following five weeks, I was primarily based in Berlin. My workdays were mostly spent in the Maps reading room of Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, where I surveyed old Chinese map collections and rediscovered several hidden gems. Concurrently, I conducted research at the Oriental and East-Asia reading room of Stabi, the library of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, and the Archives of the Max Planck Society. I am profoundly grateful for the assistance provided by Dr. Cathleen Päthe, Prof. Dr. Dagmar Schäfer, and Mr. Florian Spillert. At Spandau Citadel, I examined F. Verbiest's bronze gun produced in Beijing in 1689, and I also encountered two Japanese bronze guns from the late Edo period. At the end of September, I visited the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel to review some rare Chinese books.
The first half of October and the last nine days of my trip were spent in Munich. There, I consulted the collections of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek and visited various galleries and museums. I also managed to check another piece of Verbiest’s 1689 bronze gun at the Bavarian Army Museum in Ingolstadt.
In the latter half of October, I was warmly welcomed by the Department of Chinese Studies at the University of Tübingen. Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag, Prof. Dr. Huang Fei, Prof. Dr. Emily Graf, Mr. Jonas Schmid, Ms. Han Qijin, Mr. Patrick Aberle, Mr. Kobayashi Takahiro, along with other researchers and students, were extremely supportive. On 24 October, I gave a presentation “Mapping Peking 1688-1914: A Czech Jesuit and a Russian Priest, Chinese Painters and German Soldiers, the Interweaving of City Plans,” incorporating my new findings from Berlin. My time in Tübingen also included visits to local museums, collections, bookstores, and the university libraries where I located old Chinese and Tibetan manuscripts. 
In early November, at the invitation of Dr. Alexander Jost, I visited Freilassing-Salzburg and presented “Mapping Peking 1688-1914” on 3 November at the Forum Asia Pacific of the Paris Lodron University Salzburg. I also visited the libraries of Paris Lodron University and Admont Abbey, which was facilitated by the much-appreciated kindness of Dr. Alexander Jost and Dr. Cao Jin.
To conclude my report, this research trip was immensely fruitful and left me with many cherished memories. With the materials I collected in Germany, I plan to compose several articles, including a study on the old Chinese maps in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin.

With the support of the Sino-German Mobility Programme, and after receiving patient guidance from Ms. Han Qijin, I arrived in Germany on August 13th to embark on a 14-day academic visit. In Tübingen, I had the honour of being received by Prof. Achim Mittag. During my visit, I had the opportunity to explore the Department of Chinese Studies at the University of Tübingen and its affiliated library, where I learned about the collection and utilization of Sinology literature and materials. Additionally, I had the privilege of presenting my academic works, including Integrated the West and Inherit the Lost 融西繼絕 (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2022).
After concluding my visit in Tübingen, I spent two days in Stuttgart, where I visited the Schweine-Museum. On August 20th, I travelled to Frankfurt to participate in the 16th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia at the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt. Over the next five days, I attended keynote lectures and special presentations. On the afternoon of August 24th, I organized a panel titled “The Asian-Euro Mutual Learning and Interpenetration of the Civilization of Science and Technology in the Early Modern Period” and presented my academic paper, “A Preliminary Study on Alexander Wylie’s Work about the Sino-Western Names Correspondence of the Fixed Stars”. Five presenters from Beijing Foreign Studies University, the University of Science and Technology of China, and Inner Mongolia Normal University delivered their papers. Scholars from Peking University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Utrecht University in the Netherlands, and Korea attended the presentations and engaged in in-depth discussions and exchanges after the event.
Through this invaluable opportunity to visit Germany, I gained insights into the “Transfer of Technical and Scientific Knowledge between Europe and China during the Early Modern Period” research project, the Chinese literary collections at the Department of Chinese Studies at the University of Tübingen, and the Chinese rare book collection catalogued by Alfred Forke (1867–1944) at the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt. I also received valuable advice and suggestions during my interactions. I plan to maintain contact with professors and scholars from the University of Tübingen and the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, including Prof. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Achim Mittag, and Prof. Iwo Amelung, and to deepen my research into the history of scientific exchange between China and Europe.

At this year’s 16th ICHSEA, which was held at Frankfurt University from 21 to 25August, numerous members and associates of our project presented and discussed their research results. Cao Jin 曹晉introduced the different phases, in which the production and application of nitric acid was introduced by Jesuits into China; Sabine Kink discussed the efficiency and potential of proposals for disaster relief included in the Taixi shuifa 泰西水法; Alexander Jost spoke about representations of the polar regions and polar phenomena in Chinese Jesuit geographic works; Han Qijin 韓奇金provided insights into the introduction of the European thermometer to the Kangxi court; Anna Strob’s topic was the reception and rejection of Aristotelian cosmology by Chinese scholars, while Jonas Schmidt demonstrated by the example of the Huogong qieyao 火攻挈要, how Jesuits involved into military matters during the late Ming period.
Moreover, it was excellent to see that partly with the support of the Sino-German Mobility Programme a large number of our Chinese colleagues could join the event and allowed us to continue the fruitful exchange which had commenced with our Beijing conference in spring 2019. These were Zhang Baichun 张柏春, Tian Miao 田淼, Zheng Cheng 郑诚, Huang Xing 黄兴, and Sun Chengsheng 孙承晟 (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shi Yunli 石云里(University of Science and Technology of China), Shang Zhicong 尚智丛 (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences), Thierry Meynard (Sun Yat-sen University) and Han Qi 韩琦(Zhejiang University). The two panels organized by Cao Jin and Alexander Jost, in which most of our presentations took place, were well visited, and it was agreed that with the support of the journal Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology a selection of research results will be published.
Special thanks go to Iwo Amelung from Frankfurt University, who did a wonderful job organizing this meeting together with his colleagues from Frankfurt Chinese Studies and offered us this great platform for academic exchange!
Panels and the abstracts of the individual lectures of the conference.

It was a great honour for me to participate in the Sino-German Mobility Programme which is funded by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion. My research trip to Germany in August 2023 was profoundly beneficial, during which I engaged in archival studies and fieldwork, and had the opportunity to attend an international conference.
At the library of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, I accessed invaluable archives related to Yang Zhongjian (C. C. Young, 1897–1979), who earned his PhD from the University of Munich in 1927 and later became the founder of vertebrate palaeontology in China. Thanks to assistance of Mr. Huang Tian who is from the Universität Hamburg, I had the privilege of visiting Mrs. Renate Jährling, the custodian of the archives at Das Studienwerk Deutsches Leben in Ostasien (StuDeO). She introduced me to significant materials regarding Germans who traveled to or worked in late 19th and early 20th century China. This has greatly enhanced my understanding of cultural exchanges between China and Germany during that period.
In Berlin, I reviewed materials at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin and visited several museums. I also inquired about the archives of Friedrich Solger (1877–1965), a German geologist who worked in China in the early 20th century, at the library of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Unfortunately, due to my limited stay in Berlin, I could not access these archives but hope to be able to do so in the near future. 
My subsequent stay was in Frankfurt am Main, where I participated in the 16th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (ICHSEA), held at the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main from 20 to 25 August 2023. During a panel on “Knowledge Transfer between Europe and Ming-Qing China,” organized by Dr. Alexander Jost and Dr. Cao Jin, I presented my research “Scientific Instruments as Ritual Objects: A Case Study of Huangchao liqi tushi 皇朝禮器圖式”. Additionally, as the secretary of the International Society for the History of East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine, I attended the Board Meeting on 24 August and presented the report of the Society’s activities from 2019 to 2023 at the General Assembly on 25 August on behalf of the outgoing Board members.
To conclude my report, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun for initiating this programme, and to Mrs. Han Qijin and Dr. Li Mingyang for their invaluable assistance during my trip. My heartfelt thanks also to Dr. Alexander Jost and Dr. Cao Jin for organizing the insightful panel at the ICHSEA. I earnestly hope this programme will persist and continue supporting scholars in their research endeavours in Germany and China.

Upon receiving an invitation from Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel at the University of Tübingen, I took this valuable opportunity and visited Germany from 3 to 26 August, 2023. This allowed me to visit several libraries and universities and to engage with many distinguished scholars in my field.
I began at the Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, making use of the extensive collections at the Max-Planck Institute. My research there predominantly focused on the European Jesuits and their work on science and technology during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. I also explored both individual scientific works and collective writings of European academics. These efforts facilitated insightful discussions with Dr. Martina Siebert of the Staatsbibliothek, Prof. Dr. Li Wenchao who is known for his work on Leibniz, and Prof. Dr. Dagmar Schafer of the Max-Planck Institute. In addition, I had an opportunity to visit Prof. Dr. Eberhard Knobloch of the Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and discussed with him the Jesuits’ contribution in Germany and the legacy of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
On 15 August, my journey took me to Wurzburg University, where I met with Dr. Claudia von Collani, a key figure in the study of the Jesuit mission in China. We exchanged insights on the Jesuits and the transmission of European scientific knowledge to China. Apart from this, my time at Heidelberg University also proved valuable. Dr. Hanno Lecher introduced me to the Chinese resources in their library. This visit also enabled discussions with Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz who specializes in modern Chinese history, and Dr. Martin Hoffman. I also had a productive conversation with Prof. Dr. Andrea Breard of Erlangen University. Between 21 and 25 August, I attended the 16th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia at the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, sharing with, and gaining knowledge from, international peers.
To conclude, this trip not only gave me access to a wealth of academic resources, but also broadened my understanding of research methods through various interactions with German scholars.

I am immensely pleased to have participated in, and benefited from, the Sino-German Mobility Programme, for which I applied some years ago. Over a 22-day visit in Germany, I explored research institutes and museums in Frankfurt, Tübingen, Stuttgart, Erlangen, and Berlin. During this time, I engaged in insightful academic discussions with esteemed German scholars, and in interactions that hold the promise of fostering greater academic cooperation and exchanges in the future.
In Frankfurt, I had the distinct privilege of talking with Prof. Iwo Amelung, the head of the Department of Sinology at Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, and his dedicated team. Our discussions chiefly cantered on the influence of the Frankfurt School in China, a subject I often delve into during my lectures for doctoral students at my university in Hefei, China. Later in Tübingen, I attended the intriguing cultural event “Eine Traumreise aus China nach Tübingen: Festliche Vorstellung eines Imagefilm-Projekts” and enjoyed valuable academic interactions with fellow sinology scholars. It is worth noting that Mr. Philip Scherer visited me in Hefei shortly after my return to China. 
In Erlangen, my conversation with Prof. Michael Lackner was especially enlightening. I reported in detail on my distinctive method of employing the narrative of Western art for teaching the history of Western science and philosophy each year to a large number of doctoral students at my university in China. In Berlin, I visited several eminent museums, placing particular emphasis on exhibits that highlighted knowledge exchanges between China and the Middle East or Arab regions, which aligns with my ongoing research on knowledge exchanges between China and the ancient Iran. Moreover, given my past association as a Humboldt research fellow twenty years ago, a visit to both Humboldt University and the Humboldt Forum was a fitting homage, which further enriched my understanding of Humboldt’s profound influence on global education.
At the end of my report, I would like to express my profound gratitude for the unwavering support extended by this program. The knowledge acquired during this journey will undoubtedly inform and enhance my future teaching and research pursuits. My aim remains steadfast: to illuminate the minds of the next generation of Chinese scholars on the intricate tapestry of Western intellectual history and the history of East-West interactions.

In 2023, the Sino-German Mobility Program granted me the support for a three-week research visit to Germany. My stay during late July and August was primarily at the Department of Chinese Studies, University of Tübingen. Thanks to the collective efforts of Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag and Mrs. Han Qijin, I took part in an academic gathering, where I shared insights from my study titled “Gewu qiongli zhi xue 格物穷理之学: ‘A Learning by Investigation’ from the late Ming to early Qing periods”. This occasion provided a vibrant floor for intellectual dialogues with scholars and students affiliated with the Department of Chinese Studies.
Further enriching this experience was my exploration of libraries and archives across German cities such as Berlin, Munich, Cologne, and Frankfurt, facilitated by the Sino-German Mobility Programme. This journey deepened my understanding of the knowledge and philosophical exchanges between China and Europe in the Early Modern Era and thus constitutes a milestone in my academic journey, for which I am truly thankful.
I must also convey my deep thanks to Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, Dr. Li Mingyang, and the team at the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion for their trust and encouragement. I am enthusiastic about forthcoming collaborations and dialogues with scholars from both the West and China, exploring the intricacies of East-West historical interactions.

From July 12 to 21, 2023, I had the privilege of undertaking a 10-day research trip to Germany as part of my academic endeavours. This trip was made possible through the support of the Sino-German Mobility Programme, funded by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP). During this visit, I had the honour of meeting with Prof. Dr. Roderich Ptak in Munich and consulting relevant materials in several German libraries. These experiences allowed me to deepen my understanding of the latest achievements and current state of research in the historical discipline I specialize in. Moreover, through interactions with my German colleagues, this visit not only broadened my academic horizons but also facilitated meaningful discussions and exchanges of ideas, offering significant inspiration and reference for my future research. I am thus sincerely grateful for the support and assistance provided by this project.
My journey began on July 12, 2023, when I departed from Macao, China, by boat to Hong Kong International Airport and subsequently arrived in Munich, Germany, on July 13. After a two-night stay in Munich, I immersed myself in academic and cultural exploration. On July 14, I visited the Munich Art Museum, where I was able to appreciate the artistic talents of the masters of the past, and Munich University, where I was impressed by its rigorous academic environment. One of the highlights of the visit was a delightful conversation and lunch with Professor Ptak. He generously shared insights into his current research and perspectives. We also discussed potential collaborative opportunities for the future.
On July 15, I travelled to Tübingen, where I explored the university and took in the beauty of the city’s landscape. From July 15 to 17, I visited Heidelberg, a city steeped in intellectual history. During my time there, I paid homage to the cemetery of Max Weber, walked along the Philosophers’ Path near Heidelberg University, and experienced the city’s unique blend of intellectual freedom and profound scholarly tradition.
From July 18 to 21, I conducted research in Hamburg. My activities included visiting the University of Göttingen and consulting historical materials at the Hamburg Commercial Library. These visits provided me with access to valuable academic resources and furthered my understanding of relevant historical research. On July 21, I concluded my pleasant and fulfilling stay in Germany and departed from Hamburg.
To sum up, this research trip was an invaluable opportunity for me, and I am grateful to the SGCRP, as well as to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, for their support throughout my journey. I look forward to engaging in further scholarly exchanges and collaborative endeavours with colleagues in Germany in the future. 

In 2019, the Sinology Department at University of Tübingen and the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences were honoured to receive a three-year grant to set up a Mobility Programme by the Sino-German Science Centre. After a first research visit at the beginning of 2020, my research travelling had to be interrupted due to the sudden outbreak of CoVid, a situation which impacted academic cooperation around the world deeply. Luckily, international travel is now returning to normal and the Mobility programme has been extended for another year. Therefore, I was fortunate enough to benefit from the project and spent four weeks from 29 June to 26 July 2023 in China for travel and academic activities.
In Beijing, at the invitation of the Institute of the History of Natural Sciences, I gave a presentation entitled “Jesuits and Qiangshui 强水 (Aqua fortis/ nitric acid) during the Ming and Qing Dynasties”, where I was able to discuss in depth with many colleagues the process of spreading and the impact of nitric acid, a new material introduced to China from the West during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and to speak about our research project departing from this topic. In addition, we discussed plans for the upcoming 16th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (ICHSEA) in Frankfurt in August, where two panels, “Knowledge Transfer between Europe and Ming-Qing China: Science” and “Knowledge Transfer between Europe and Ming-Qing China: Technology”, organised by Alexander Jost and myself, will be held. These two panels will feature 17 scholars presenting and discussing their respective research in this area, most of whom have been or will be supported by the Mobility Programme for their visit to China and Germany. 
In addition, I have also collected and researched historical materials at the First Historical Archives of China in Beijing, and at the Nanjing Library and Nantong University in Jiangsu Province, obtaining many valuable sources for my current research on the history of the Kunyu gezhi 坤輿格致 manuscript, the operation of the glassworks in the Qing Dynasty, and reed-land policy of Jianghuai, etc. My visits to the above institutions have also further deepened our academic cooperations.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Mobility Programme of the Sino-German Science Centre for facilitating my travel and stay in China. During my trips, I deeply felt the great impact of this programme on the exchange of visits and communication between Chinese and German scholars, as well as on the promotion of academic progress. Just as our research project focuses on the scientific and cultural exchanges between China and the West during the Ming and Qing dynasties, huitong 會通 (lit. to meet and to comprehend) is also indispensable for the current academic community and for our society as a whole.

As a participant in the Sino-German Mobility Program, I had the honour of spending several weeks in Germany to further my research on the topic of scientific exchange between China and Europe. My research journey began with two presentations in Bonn, stemming from my recent publication, The Stranger in the Middle: A Conceptual and Cultural-Historical Outline of China’s Spatial Conceptions in the Late Imperial Period (Vienna/Cologne: Böhlau 2023). This publication includes a detailed chapter on scientific exchange activities between China and Europe starting from the late sixteenth century.
On 22 June 2023, I was invited by the Institute Monumenta Serica in St. Augustin (Bonn) to present a lecture on “The Struggle for Clarity and Truth: The Nature and Role of Translations in the Transfer of Knowledge Between Europe and China from the 16th to the 18th Century”. On 26 June, I participated in an event at the Confucius Institute in Bonn, where a German professor from Jiaotong University in Shanghai shared insights on the recent developments in Chinese dialects. Thereafter on 28 June, Mr. Böttger, the owner of a bookshop in the centre of Bonn, invited me to discuss “China’s Historical Practice in Dealing with Foreign Countries” with a broader audience. 
Thanks to the invitation of Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag, I had a productive stay at the University of Tübingen from 10 to 14 July. The Department of Chinese Studies invited me to present in two events held on 13 July: a session of translation exercise focusing on Feng Guifen’s text Cai Xixue yi (采西學議), and a lecture for Sinology students on China’s traditional mechanism acting as a global power.
Considering the challenges of personal academic exchanges between China and Germany in recent years, the German Association of Young Scholars in Chinese Studies invited me to a workshop titled “Social Practices in Contemporary Chinese Studies”. This workshop, held on 22 and 23 July in Iserlohn, allowed me to deliver a speech entitled “Current Developments of Research Conditions for International Scholars in the People’s Republic of China”.
Throughout my visits to Bonn, Tübingen, and Iserlohn, I engaged in meaningful discussions with prominent scholars and students about the development of scientific exchange. I also gained valuable advice for my future research and received updates on recent publications and institutional developments at several departments of Chinese studies such as in Heidelberg.
Finally, I would like to thank the organizers of the Sino-German Mobility Program, Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, for offering me this opportunity, as well as to Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag and Mrs. Han Qijin in Tübingen. I also wish to thank Dr. Li Mingyang for his support from Beijing.

In early 2023, I had the privilege of receiving support from the Sino-German Mobility Programme, funded by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion (SGCRP), to conduct a 42-day research trip to China. During May and June 2023, I had the honour of being hosted by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (IHNS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Under the coordination of Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun and Dr. Li Mingyang, the institute organized an academic exchange where I gave a presentation on “The Introduction and Application of European Thermometers in China between the Kangxi and Qianlong Reigns (1662-1796)” that is closely related to my ongoing research. This provided an excellent platform for fruitful discussions and the exchange of ideas with both professors and students from the IHNS.
In addition, with the support of the Sino-German Mobility Programme and the recommendation letters provided by the IHNS, I was able to conduct extensive research at libraries and archives in various locations, including Beijing, Nanjing, and Shanghai. These resources proved to be invaluable in expanding my understanding of the transfer of technical and scientific knowledge between Europe and China during the Early Modern Period. Looking back, I highly appreciate the research experience that enabled me to access relevant resources, and the academic exchange that allowed me to present my research findings to a knowledgeable audience. These experiences have greatly encouraged me to refine my ideas for my doctoral dissertation.
Herewith I would also like to extend my heartfelt appreciation to Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, Dr. Li Mingyang, and the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion for their support and the opportunity to be part of this programme. In the meantime, I look forward to future opportunities for similar activities, particularly considering the immense significance of scholarly interchange between Chinese and Western researchers in the field of the History of East-West Interaction, and yet the limited availability of platforms that can facilitate such exchange.

As a participant in the Sino-German Mobility Programme, I had the honor of spending several weeks in the People’s Republic of China to continue my research on the “Essentials of Firearms” (Huogong qieyao 火攻挈要), a work on gunpowder weapons completed by Jiao Xu 焦勗 and Johann Adam Schall von Bell in 1643.
The research trip began in Beijing, where I presented parts of my translation of the “Essentials of Firearms” at a talk organized by the Institute of the History of Natural Sciences at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHNS) and received valuable feedback from researchers. The staff of the IHNS also helped to establish contact with the National Library, which allowed me to consult some of the Renaissance European works on military affairs in the Beitang Library collection and to search for marginalia by Jesuit authors. Further research in the rich collections of the National Library and the First Historical Archives of China complemented my stay in Beijing.
During my subsequent stay in Shanghai, I consulted the holdings of the Shanghai Library, and in particular its Zikawei (Xujiahui) branch. The latter contains eighteenth-century sources on the Jesuit mission in China as well as early twentieth-century research on the Jesuits in China that is otherwise difficult to access.
My next stop was the Hubei Provincial Library in Wuhan, which holds an early manuscript copy of the “Essentials of Firearms”. Thanks to the help of Dr Zheng Cheng of the IHNS, I was able to consult a microfilm copy which helped me to clarify some ambiguous passages in later versions of this treatise. It is to be hoped that the Library will publish a facsimile version of this important source in the future.
I would like to thank the organizers of the Sino-German Mobility Programme, Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel and Prof. Dr. Zhang Baichun, for the opportunity to participate in this exchange and to carry out the fieldwork, as well as Dr. Li Mingyang for his support during my stay in China.