In den Ländern Südasiens werden zahlreiche Sprachen gesprochen. Allein in Indien erkennt die Verfassung 18 Schriftsprachen an, daneben existieren rund 180 weitere Sprachen und 544 Dialekte. Durch diese Vielzahl hat sich in vielen Gegenden Südasiens Englisch als Verkehrssprache durchgesetzt.
Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht werden oft vier Sprachfamilien unterschieden: Die indo-europäischen Sprachen, wie Bengali, Hindi, Nepali, Oriya, Sinhala oder Urdu, sind am weitesten verbreitet. Sie werden größtenteils in Nord-, (ost-)indien, Pakistan, Nepal und Bangladesch und Sri Lanka gesprochen. Die dravidischen Sprachen (dazu zählen auch Malayalam und Tamil) sind vorwiegend in Südindien und Sri Lanka sowie in Teilen Ostindiens gebräuchlich. Zu den Mundasprachen gehört das Santali, das hauptsächlich in Odisha, Jharkand, Westbengalen und Bangladesch gesprochen wird, sowie verschiedene Stammessprachen in Odisha. Sinotibetische Sprachen sind in Bhutan, Nepal und vor allem Nordostindien verbreitet.
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