Schülerurteile über die Qualität von Unterricht sind ein wichtiger Zugang, um zentrale Qualitätsaspekte des Unterrichts, wie etwa das kognitive Anspruchsniveau, die Klassenführung oder die individuelle Lernunterstützung, zu erfassen. Inzwischen werden Schülerurteile zur Unterrichtsqualität regelmäßig erhoben, um den Zusammenhang zwischen Unterricht und Lernerfolg, die Effekte der Lehrkraftausbildung und -fortbildung sowie die Wirkung von Interventionsmaßnahmen zur Steigerung der Unterrichtsqualität zu untersuchen. Ungeachtet dieser breiten Verwendung und – zumindest in der Forschung – großen Akzeptanz von Schülerurteilen über den Unterricht, sind zentrale Fragen zur Validität von Schülerurteilen nach wie vor unbeantwortet. Auf der Basis von Daten der Studie „Unterricht aus Schülersicht“, einer großen Studie zur Erfassung der Unterrichtsqualität, die derzeit am Hector-Institut für Empirische Bildungsforschung durchgeführt wird, sollen in drei aufeinander aufbauenden Schritten folgende Fragen beantwortet werden: (1) Welche Qualitätsmerkmale können Schülerinnen und Schüler differenziert beurteilen (Frage nach der Faktorstruktur von Schülerurteilen) und inwieweit ergeben sich hierbei ggf. Unterschiede zwischen zwei Fächern (Deutsch und Mathematik), Schulformen und Klassenstufen? (2) In welchem Ausmaß spiegeln Schülerurteile die Unterrichtsqualität einer spezifischen Lehrkraft bzw. lehrkraftunabhängige Merkmale der Klasse wider (Frage nach der Basis von Urteilen)? (3) Inwieweit stellen Urteilsunterschiede zwischen den Schülerinnen und Schülern einer Klasse wichtige Informationen zum Ausmaß an Differenzierung im Unterricht bereit (Frage nach der Urteilsheterogenität)?
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