An Interdisciplinary Study of Adaptation, Resilience, and Sustainability. Islands are among the last places on Earth to have been settled by humans and the most impacted by the current environmental crisis. With over 20% of UNESCO world heritage sites, islands represent some of the planet’s most diverse natural and cultural spots. Islands thus represent outstanding showcases for exploring cultural, climatic, and environmental transformations. Their spatial characteristics and variability make them highly suitable for the study of human adaptation, resilience, and sustainability, and to explore what broader lessons can be learnt from the study of islands. The dynamics of environment-society interactions in island communities will be investigated for the first time on a global level within an interdisciplinary and diachronic comparative framework. We study how island societies have adapted to environmental change, and the resulting challenges. Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Pacific islands are analysed from the first human settlements to the beginning of industrialisation.